Organic compound: any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly. Michael Addition. The 1,4-addition (or conjugate addition) of resonance-stabilized carbanions. The Michael Addition is thermodynamically controlled; the reaction. Palladium(0) Nanoparticle Formation, Stabilization, and Mechanistic Studies: Pd(acac) 2 as a Preferred Precursor, Organic Chemistry - Chemistry Encyclopedia. Photo by: Edie Layland. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. All organic. compounds contain carbon; however, there are some compounds of carbon that. For example, salts such as carbonates. Na. ) and cyanides (e. Na. CN, KCN) are usually designated as inorganic. In any case, there are very few carbon compounds that. They were familiar with sugar, which they learned to ferment to. Then they found that the wine could turn into vinegar. Ancient. Egyptians used blue dye made from the indigo in madder root, and a royal. Soap was made by heating. Alchemists isolated cholesterol from. Two hundred years ago chemists such as. Antoine Lavoisier determined the elemental composition of many of these. It also appeared that there were. Most organic. chemicals could be burned to produce carbon dioxide; and any hydrogen. H. O). Because organic compounds had for centuries been isolated only from. This belief. persisted until 1. Friedrich W. Much more than half of. Some new organic. Over the years organic chemists have developed a broad. Why are there so many carbon compounds? It. turns out that atoms of carbon are quite remarkable in a number of ways. The bonds. are so strong that carbon can form long chains, some containing. It is a major. reason why carbon compounds exhibit so much isomerism. The simple. compound decane (C. This multiple bonding is much more prevalent with carbon than. The rings may be saturated. The unsaturated 6- membered ring known as the benzene. In addition to hydrogen, many carbon. Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the. The most basic. group of hydrocarbons are the. The simplest member of the alkane series. CH. , the main component of natural gas. The names of some alkanes are listed. Table 1. Alkanes sometimes. Table 1. Since a 4- carbon chain of the alkane series is. Alkenes having ring structures are called. Unsaturated compounds are. The reverse reaction also occurs. Heating ethane with. The double bonds become completely conjugated and no longer. The ring, known as a . The groups are named after the corresponding. For example, CH. – is named. A benzene ring from which a hydrogen atom has been removed is. Very. large hydrocarbon molecules (polymers) have been made containing as many. However, such molecules are hard to make and very. Natural gas is a mixture that is largely. Coal. the other fossil fuel, is a much more complicated material from which many. When a drop of bromine is. The double bond is called a . There are a dozen or so functional groups that appear. Some of the most common ones are listed. Table 2. The same molecule may contain several functional groups. There is only one structure for methane, ethane, or propane. C. , can have either of two different structure. The linear molecule (1) is called butane, or. If the. methyl group of (2) were attached to a terminal carbon, the resultant. Instructor?s Manual Table of Contents for Biology 10e by Sylvia Mader 1 A View of Life PART I THE CELL 2 Basic Chemistry 3 The Chemistry of Organic Molecules 4 Cell. Benzene and Other Aromatic Compounds. The adjective "aromatic" is used by organic chemists in a rather different way than it is normally applied. The majority of these compounds are solubles molecules but the smaller molecules can be volatiles. Many natural phenols present chirality within their molecule. Hydrocarbons are the simplest of the organic compounds. As the name suggests, hydrocarbons are made from hydrogen and carbon. The basic building block is one. Methylpropane (2) is also called. Molecules that contain such. This results in a special kind. Hexane has 5 isomers. Heptane has 9 different isomers, octane has 1. An increase in the number of carbon atoms. There are more than. C. and more than 3. C. . The formula C. Of course, most of them have never been isolated. The simple formula C. O can represent ethyl alcohol or dimethyl ether; and C. O could stand for an alcohol, an ether, an. The larger a molecule is, and the greater the. It is. sometimes referred to as. It was not until the late nineteenth. Compounds had often been named according to their sources. The. 1- carbon carboxylic acid, for example, was first obtained from ants, and. Latin word for ants (. The 2- carbon acid was obtained from vinegar (. Latin), and was called. The group later became known as the. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Its objective. was to establish a naming process that would provide each compound with a. An initial set of rules was adopted at that. Geneva, and IUPAC has continued that work. Its systematic. naming rules are used by organic chemists all over the world. The names of. the alkanes form the basis for the system, with functional groups usually. Some examples are given in. Table 2. Organic chemists have developed a huge array of. Some. reactions involve addition of one molecule to another; some involve. Some reactions require energy in the. Table 2. Of course, not all organic reactions are highly successful. Adding water to propene for example, produces 2- propanol. B. and then H. in the presence of base. What. will be our sources of organic materials in the future? Since fossil fuels. The. largest U. S. It is already producing 1,3- propanediol from. E. This diol is used in Du Pont's fiber Sorona, which is. Efforts are. even being made to use biowaste materials, such as corn husks, nutshells. There are some marvelous tools. The industries. vary from oil and chemical companies to industries producing food. Many organic chemists work in. Some are teachers, or writers, or science librarians. Organic chemistry is an. Boston: Mc. Graw- Hill. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. San Diego: Saunders. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Graham (1. 99. 7). Severe Allergic Reactions to Hair Dyes are on the Rise. News. Target) As highlighted by Oprah`s spotlight, big- name hair- color company products containing the chemical PPD are still causing disfiguring and painful reactions, even death. Though there have been lawsuits in the millions of dollars, hundreds of complaint letters, and bloggers sharing pains and solutions online, not even the popularity of Oprah can put an end to the use of dangerous chemicals like PPD in hair coloring products.! My emails to them in the past have been essentially ignored .. Charges against the company included: failure to warn consumers of the possibility of death from anaphylactic shock, failure to test chemicals used in their products and to issue warnings for those deemed dangerous, failure to warn about PPD though it was known to cause death from topical application to the body since at least 1. The product could be considered defective for liability purposes since adequate warnings weren`t printed on the package. The product was marketed to the public as safe. The drugstore where the product was purchased was also sued for selling a dangerous product called . The case was settled in December 2. The plaintiff had asked for $5. Another lawsuit was settled out of court. Many cases from victims are on the web. Often the maker of the product, or the salon administering the product, reimbursed medical costs of those suffering severe reactions. Wrote one company representative in response to one such horror story online. PPD is approved by the European authorities and is the most widely used permanent hair dye ingredient by many manufacturers worldwide. Current European Union legislation allows PPD to comprise only up to 6% of the constituents of hair dyes on the consumer market. These potential reactions can be avoided by carrying out the skin allergy test as instructed, 4. Consumers can continue to use our hair colorants with complete confidence. Another unfortunate fact is that many salons do not do the patch test at all. Such allergic reactions are becoming less rare than in the past, as incidences have increased in number in recent years; this is usually attributed to the higher number of consumers dying their hair and at earlier ages. It possibly arises from increased exposure to the chemicals, which are used in many other types of products. There is a long list of ingredients used in the hair coloring industry, each problematic in more than one way. In the one product involved in the lawsuit above, these chemicals were involved, listed here with the associated hazards of each: Hydrogen peroxide: skin burns; dermatitis; potential gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards; eye burns with redness, tearing, inflammation and potential corneal injury and blindness; digestive tract damage; organ toxicity hazards; lung corrosion; neural toxicity hazards; respiratory toxicity hazards; Sodium Stannate: Skin irritation with redness and pain; eye irritation; Tetra- sodium pyrophosphate: Skin irritation; redness and pain to eyes; Isopropyl alcohol: Skin irritation; Resorcinol: skin irritation and redness, itching, dermatitis, edema or corrosion of affected area; loss of superficial skin layers; potential gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards; endocrine disruptor; neurotoxicity hazards; Hexylene glycol: Skin irritation; lung irritant; eye irritant; Pentasodium pentetate: Eye irritant; Propylene glycol: Sense organ toxicity hazards; dangerous for those withkidney disorders; may cause transitory stinging and tearing; penetration enhancer so it helps other chemicals penetrate the skin; P- aminophenol: can cause immune system response resulting in lung sensitization; Alcohol denat: may cause eye irritation; potential to reduce fertility or affect a healthy full- term pregnancy; EDTA: eye irritant; neurotoxicity hazards; Coal tar dyes - - M- aminophenol, Phenyl methyl pyrazolone, and 2, 4- diaminophenoxyethanol CCL: Linked to bladder cancer; potential neurotoxicity and respiratory toxicity hazards; potential to reduce fertility or affect a healthy full- term pregnancy; Ammonium hydroxide: Respiratory toxicity hazards; P- Phenylenediamine (PPD): Coal tar dye with links to bladder cancer, recognized as the most hazardous chemical used in hair dyes; can be absorbed through the skin and causes chemical leukoderma; potential gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards; mutagenic; can cause redness, pain and swelling of the eyelids, blurred vision and blindness; sense organ toxicity hazards; can form carcinogenic nitrosamine compounds if mixed with amines; potential kidney and respiratory toxicity hazards; potential to cause immune system response resulting in lung sensitization and other damage to immune system; can cause asthma attacks; poses neurotoxicity hazards; pharynx and larynx irritation; and anaphylactic shock which can be fatal. The most common allergic reactions to PPD are dermatitis of the eyes, ears, scalp and face, which may include a rash, extreme swelling and a severe burning sensation on the scalp. Other names and related compounds include: PPDA; Phenylenediamine base; p- Phenylenediamine; 4- Phenylenediamine; 1,4- Phenylenediamine; 4- Benzenediamine; 1,4- Benzenediamine; para- Diaminobenzene (p- Diaminobenzene); para- Aminoaniline (p- Aminoaniline); Orsin; Rodol; or Ursol; Para- Touline Diamine; and Touline Diamine- Sulfate. The biggest danger with PPD involves the occurrence of cross- sensitization, wherein a person is not only sensitive to PPD, but one or more related substances. These are present in most textile dyes, pen ink, black rubber, gasoline, oil, food colors, medication dyes, preservatives (parabens) and some drugs (all caine drugs such as Benzocaine and Novocain), Sulfonamides, sulfones, sulfa drugs, Para- aminobenzoic acid (PABA) used in sunscreen, and fragrances. Even semi- permanent hair rinses , which don`t contain PPD, might include anthraquinone dyes or nitrophenylediamines. Though these rarely cause primary sensitization, they may cause a reaction in people cross- sensitized to PPD and its derivatives. Adding to the concern is that a person may have never had a reaction to any of these and all of a sudden, the reaction occurs. As mentioned previously, even doing the recommended patch test 4. It is extremely important that if anyone has ANY type of reaction, an allergist should be seen to confirm an allergy. Ignoring such a reaction and failing to follow it up could be deadly. It is recommended to have the complete patch test panel done so that any other allergies can be ruled out. Though death due to an allergic reaction to hair dye is relatively rare, death from cancer is less rare. The National Cancer Institute suggests that one out of five of all cases of non- Hodgkin`s lymphoma among women are due to women`s regular use of commercial hair dye products. This is the disease that killed Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who used the more damaging darker dyes. Breast, bladder and other cancers are also linked to the use of PPD. The FDA has no authority to ban hair care products or ingredients, but can only make recommendations to producers to limit unsafe ingredients. This limitation and other major gaps in public health laws allow cosmetics companies to use almost any ingredient they choose - even lead, mercury, and placenta. In 1. 93. 8, coal tar dyes like PPD were specifically exempted from FDA oversight. To protest this, two different petitions being sent to Congress can be signed at: https: //secure. Advocacy? cmd=display& page=User. Action& id=2. The FDA has been called corrupt by more than one critic. Melanie Segala, Managing Editor of Total Health Breakthroughs, wrote in a recent email. Here`s the real kicker. According to these scientists, `there is an atmosphere at FDA in which the honest employee fears the dishonest employee, and not the other way around. Some products are henna- based but also contain chemicals. When using a henna product, it`s important to remember that it`s a plant- derived product with such powerful staining ability that it`s also used for tattooing. A good suggestion is to apply olive oil or moisturizing cream, or something similar, to areas around the scalp as a protective layer, so the henna doesn`t stain the face, neck or ears. In addition, one must be careful to use natural, p. H- balanced shampoos on the hair following a henna treatment, to maintain the healthful effects. Other helpful ideas shared by a community of consumers can be found at http: //www. Forum/6. 03. 11. 1/. In the interests of scientific inquiry, this writer did try a henna product that has received good reviews by health conscious commentators. Previous use of henna left the grays a coppery, orange that wasn`t really preferable to the gray. This time, per the optional instructions, day- old coffee was substituted for some of the water used to mix the color mixture. Results were wonderful, as there is now a reddish brown look to the former grays which blends in well with the darker brown. The bright red was eliminated, presumably with the coffee addition. Time will tell if the coffee influence washes out sooner than expected. For men, and women with very short hair, there is another alternative to henna which has not been found to be hazardous. Though they`re applied like a hair tonic, gradually over time, they restore the person`s original hair color. Whether brunette or blonde, the amount of darkening can be controlled by the frequency of application. So, next time you feel like changing your hair color or covering the gray, do consider trying the truly natural and chemical- free products. If not only for your own health, please consider the potential for damage to the environment. Remember, the chemicals used end up going down the drain and back into our drinking water supply. Whichever type of hair coloring you decide to use, drink lots of water. If the product contained any chemicals, plan to do a detox soon after the coloring.
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